Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
- Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
- Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
- Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
- Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
- Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming^[1]

Language overview

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language	Number of paradigms	Concurrent	Constraints	Dataflow	Declarative	Distributed	Functional	Metaprogramming	Generic	Imperative	Logic	Reflection	Objectoriented	Pipelines	Visual	Rule-based	Other paradigms
Ada^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]	5	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
ALF	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
AmigaE	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
APL	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
BETA	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
C++	7 (15)	Yes^[7]^[8]^[9]	Library^[10]	Library^[11]^[12]	Library^[13]^[14]	Library^[15]^[16]	Yes	Yes^[17]	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	Library^[18]^[19]	Library^[20]	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes^[21]	No	Library^[22]	Array (multi-dimensional; using STL)
C#	6 (7)	Yes	No	Library^{[a 4]}	No	No	Yes^{[a 5]}	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	reactive^{[a 6]}
ChucK	3	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Claire	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Clojure	5	Yes^[23]^[24]	No	No	Yes	No	Yes^[25]	Yes^[26]	No	No	Library^[27]	No	No	Yes^[28]	Editor^[29]	No	Multiple dispatch,^[30] Agents^[31]
Common Lisp	7 (14)	Library^[32]	Library^[33]	Library^[34]	Yes^[35]	Library^[36]	Yes	Yes	Yes^[37]	Yes	Library^[38]	Yes	Yes (multiple dispatch, method combinations)^[39]^{[a 2]}	Library^[40]	Library^[41]	Library^[42]	Multiple dispatch, meta-OOP system,^[43] Language is extensible via metaprogramming.
Curl	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Curry	4	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
D (version 2.0)^[44]^[45]	7	Yes^{[a 7]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^[46]^{[a 3]}	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Delphi	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Dylan	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
E	3	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
ECMAScript^[47]^[48] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript)	4 (5)	partial (promises, native extensions)^{[a 8]}	No	No	Library^[49]^[50]	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 9]}	Library^[51]^[52]	Editor^[53]	No	reactive,^{[a 10]}^[54] event driven^{[a 11]}^{[a 12]}
Erlang	3	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Elixir	4	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Elm	6	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes (pure)^{[a 13]}	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	reactive
F#	7 (8)	Yes^{[a 7]}	No	Library^{[a 4]}	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	reactive^{[a 6]}
Fortran	4 (5)	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 13]}	No	Yes^{[a 14]}	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
Go	4	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Haskell	8 (15)	Yes	Library^[55]	Library^[56]	Yes	Library^[57]	Yes (lazy) (pure)^{[a 13]}	Yes^[58]	Yes	Yes	Library^[59]	No	Immutable	Yes	Yes	Library^[60]	literate, reactive, dependent types (partial)
Io	4	Yes^{[a 7]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 9]}	No	No	No	No
J	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Java	6	Yes	Library^[61]	Library^[62]	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Julia	9 (17)	Yes	Library^[63]	Library^[64]^[65]	Library^[66]	Yes	Yes (eager)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Library^[67]	Yes	Yes (multiple dispatch, not traditional single)	Yes	No	Library^[68]^[69]	Multiple dispatch, Array (multi-dimensional); optionally lazy^[70] and reactive (with libraries)
Kotlin	8	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
LabVIEW	4	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
Lava	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	Yes	No	No
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA)	9	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	Yes	No
Lua	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 9]}	No	No	No	No
MATLAB	6 (10)	Toolbox^[71]	Toolbox^[72]	Yes^[73]	No	Toolbox^[74]	No	Yes^[75]	Yes^[76]	No	No	Yes^[77]	Yes^[78]	No	Yes^[79]	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
Nemerle	7	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Object Pascal	4	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
OCaml	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Oz	11	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes	No	Yes	No
Perl	8 (9)	Yes^[80]	Library^[81]	Yes^[82]	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes	No	No	No
PHP^[83]^[84]^[85]	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Poplog	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Prograph	3	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	Yes	No	No
Python	5 (10)	Library^[86]^[87]	Library^[88]	No	No	Library^[89]	Yes	Yes^[90]^[91]	Yes^[92]^[93]	Yes	Library^[94]	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	Editor^[95]	No	structured
R	4 (6)	Library^[96]	No	No	No	Library^[97]	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes^[98]	No	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
Racket	10	Yes^[99]	Yes^[100]	Yes^[101]	No	Yes^[102]	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Lazy^[103]
Raku	10	Yes^[104]	Yes^[105]	Yes^[106]	No	Library^[107]	Yes	Yes^[108]	Yes^[109]	Yes	No	Yes^[110]	Yes^[111]	Yes	No	No	Multiple dispatch, lazy lists, reactive.
ROOP	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Ruby	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha)	6	Yes^{[a 7]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^[112]^[113]	Yes^[114]	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Scala^[115]^[116]	9	Yes^{[a 7]}	No	Yes^{[a 15]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Simula	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
SISAL	3	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Spreadsheets	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
Swift	7	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[117]	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 9]}^[118]	No	No	No	No
Visual Basic .NET	6 (7)	Yes	No	Library^{[a 4]}	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	reactive^{[a 6]}
Windows PowerShell	6	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes	No	No	No
Wolfram Language & Mathematica	13^[119] (14)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[120]	No	Yes	Knowledge Based

Notes

↑ rendezvous and monitor-like based
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Class-based
1 2 3 4 5 Template metaprogramming
1 2 3 using TPL Dataflow
↑ only lambda support (lazy functional programming)
1 2 3 using Reactive Extensions (Rx)
1 2 3 4 5 actor programming
↑ using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.
1 2 3 4 Prototype-based
↑ using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)
↑ in Node.js via their events module
↑ in browsers via their native EventTarget API
1 2 3 purely functional
↑ parameterized classes
↑ Akka Archived 2013-01-19 at the Wayback Machine

Citations

↑ Bragg, S.D.; Driskill, C.G. (20–22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". Proceedings of AUTOTESTCON '94 (IEEEXplore). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 211–220. doi:10.1109/AUTEST.1994.381508. ISBN 978-0-7803-1910-3. S2CID 62509261.
↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
↑ Thread support
↑ Atomics support
↑ Memory model
↑ Gecode
↑ SystemC
↑ Boost.Iostreams
↑ Boolinq
↑ "AraRat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
↑ OpenMPI
↑ Boost.MPI
↑ Boost.MPL
↑ LC++
↑ Castor Archived 2013-01-25 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Reflect Library
↑ N3534
↑ Boost.Spirit
↑ Clojure - Concurrent Programming
↑ Clojure - core.async
↑ Clojure - Functional Programming
↑ Clojure - Macros
↑ Clojure - core.logic
↑ Clojure - Threading Macros Guide
↑ "Light Table". 2019-04-08.
↑ Multimethods and Hierarchies
↑ Agents and Asynchronous Actions
↑ many concurrency paradigms implemented as language extensions
↑ constraint programming inside CL through extensions
↑ dataflow extension
↑ by creating DSLs using the built-in metaprogramming; also see note on functional, constraint and logic paradigms, which are part of declarative
↑ MPI, etc via language extensions
↑ template metaprogramming using macros (see C++)
↑ Prolog implemented as a language extension
↑ Common Lisp Object System see Wikipedia article on CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System.
↑ implemented by the user via a short macro, example of implementation
↑ - Visual programming tool based on Common Lisp
↑ rule-based programming extension
↑ Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine through the Meta Object Protocol
↑ D Language Feature Table
↑ Phobos std.algorithm
↑ D language String Mixins
↑ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
↑ Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScript Archived 2019-02-10 at the Wayback Machine gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
↑ "React – A JavaScript library for building user interfaces". 2019-04-08.
↑ "TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.
↑ "Lodash documentation". 2019-04-08.
↑ "mori". 2019-04-08.
↑ "Light Table". 2019-04-08.
↑ "TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.
↑ "Prolog embedding". Haskell.org.
↑ "Functional Reactive Programming". HaskellWiki.
↑ Cloud Haskell
↑ "Template Haskell". HaskellWiki.
↑ "Logict: A backtracking logic-programming monad". Haskell.org.
↑ Kollmansberger, Steve; Erwig, Martin (30 May 2006). "Haskell Rules: Embedding Rule Systems in Haskell" (PDF). Oregon State University.
↑ https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=331 JSR 331: Constraint Programming API
↑ https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/DataflowJavaSDK Google Cloud Platform Dataflow SDK
↑ "JuliaOpt/JuMP.jl". GitHub. JuliaOpt. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
↑ "GitHub - MikeInnes/DataFlow.jl". GitHub. 2019-01-15.
↑ "GitHub - JuliaGizmos/Reactive.jl: Reactive programming primitives for Julia". GitHub. 2018-12-28.
↑ https://github.com/davidanthoff/Query.jl Query almost anything in julia
↑ https://github.com/lilinjn/LilKanren.jl A collection of Kanren implementations in Julia
↑ "GitHub - abeschneider/PEGParser.jl: PEG Parser for Julia". GitHub. 2018-12-03.
↑ "GitHub - gitfoxi/Parsimonious.jl: A PEG parser generator for Julia". GitHub. 2017-08-03.
↑ Lazy https://github.com/MikeInnes/Lazy.jl
↑ "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Write Constraints". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Getting Started with SimEvents". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Execute MATLAB expression in text - MATLAB eval". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Determine class of object". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Class Metadata". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Object-Oriented Programming". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Simulink". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ interpreter based threads
↑ Moose
↑ Higher Order Perl
↑ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
↑ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
↑ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
↑ "Parallel Processing and Multiprocessing in Python". Python Wiki. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "threading — Higher-level threading interface". docs.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "python-constraint". pypi.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "DistributedProgramming". Python Wiki. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "Chapter 9. Metaprogramming". chimera.labs.oreilly.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ "Metaprogramming". readthedocs.io. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ "PEP 443 – Single-dispatch generic functions". python.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ "PEP 484 – Type Hints". python.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ "PyDatalog". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ "Light Table". 2019-04-08.
↑ "Futureverse".
↑ "future batchtools".
↑ "Magrittr: A Forward Pipe Operator for R". cran.r-project.org\access-date=13 July 2017. 17 November 2020.
↑ Racket Guide: Concurrency and Synchronization
↑ The Rosette Guide
↑ FrTime: A Language for Reactive Programs
↑ Racket Guide: Distributed Places
↑ Lazy Racket
↑ Channels and other mechanisms
↑ "Class Signature".
↑ Feed operator
↑ https://github.com/perl6/doc/issues/1744#issuecomment-360565196 Cro module
↑ "Meta-programming: What, why and how". 2011-12-14.
↑ https://perl6advent.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/day-18-roles/ Parametrized Roles
↑ "Meta-object protocol (MOP)".
↑ https://docs.perl6.org/language/classtut Classes and Roles
↑ "The Rust macros guide". Rust. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
↑ "The Rust compiler plugins guide". Rust. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
↑ The Rust Reference §6.1.3.1
↑ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
↑ Scala Language Specification
↑ "Tcl Programming/Introduction". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ "TCLLIB - Tcl Standard Library: snitfaq". sourceforge.net. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
↑ Notes for Programming Language Experts, Wolfram Language Documentation.
↑ External Programs, Wolfram Language Documentation.

References

Jim Coplien, Multiparadigm Design for C++, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1998.

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[rend-mon-7] rendezvous and monitor-like based

[class-8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Class-based

[temp-meta-20] 1 2 3 4 5 Template metaprogramming

[tpldf-26] 1 2 3 using TPL Dataflow

[lambda-27] y lambda support (lazy functional programming)

[rx-28] 1 2 3 using Reactive Extensions (Rx)

[actor-52] 1 2 3 4 5 actor programming

[nodejs-cluster-56] using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.

[prototype-59] 1 2 3 4 Prototype-based

[rxjs-63] using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)

[node-events-65] Node.js via their events module

[dom-events-66] rowsers via their native EventTarget API

[pure-func-67] 1 2 3 purely functional

[param-class-68] rameterized classes

[akka-131] Akka Archived 2013-01-19 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Bragg, S.D.; Driskill, C.G. (20–22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". Proceedings of AUTOTESTCON '94 (IEEEXplore). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 211–220. doi:10.1109/AUTEST.1994.381508. ISBN 978-0-7803-1910-3. S2CID 62509261.

[2] Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization

[3] Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems

[4] Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units

[5] Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms

[6] Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions

[9] Thread support

[10] Atomics support

[11] Memory model

[12] Gecode

[13] SystemC

[14] Boost.Iostreams

[15] Boolinq

[16] "AraRat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-09-15.

[17] OpenMPI

[18] Boost.MPI

[19] Boost.MPL

[21] LC++

[22] Castor Archived 2013-01-25 at the Wayback Machine

[23] Reflect Library

[24] N3534

[25] Boost.Spirit

[29] Clojure - Concurrent Programming

[30] Clojure - core.async

[31] Clojure - Functional Programming

[32] Clojure - Macros

[33] Clojure - core.logic

[34] Clojure - Threading Macros Guide

[35] "Light Table". 2019-04-08.

[36] Multimethods and Hierarchies

[37] Agents and Asynchronous Actions

[38] y concurrency paradigms implemented as language extensions

[39] straint programming inside CL through extensions

[40] taflow extension

[41] y creating DSLs using the built-in metaprogramming; also see note on functional, constraint and logic paradigms, which are part of declarative

[42] MPI, etc via language extensions

[43] template metaprogramming using macros (see C++)

[44] Prolog implemented as a language extension

[45] Common Lisp Object System see Wikipedia article on CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System.

[46] ted by the user via a short macro, example of implementation

[47] - Visual programming tool based on Common Lisp

[48] rule-based programming extension

[49] Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine through the Meta Object Protocol

[50] D Language Feature Table

[51] Phobos std.algorithm

[53] D language String Mixins

[54] The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.

[55] Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScript Archived 2019-02-10 at the Wayback Machine gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.

[57] "React – A JavaScript library for building user interfaces". 2019-04-08.

[58] "TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.

[60] "Lodash documentation". 2019-04-08.

[61] "mori". 2019-04-08.

[62] "Light Table". 2019-04-08.

[64] "TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.

[69] "Prolog embedding". Haskell.org.

[70] "Functional Reactive Programming". HaskellWiki.

[71] Cloud Haskell

[72] "Template Haskell". HaskellWiki.

[73] "Logict: A backtracking logic-programming monad". Haskell.org.

[74] Kollmansberger, Steve; Erwig, Martin (30 May 2006). "Haskell Rules: Embedding Rule Systems in Haskell" (PDF). Oregon State University.

[75] ttps://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=331 JSR 331: Constraint Programming API

[76] ttps://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/DataflowJavaSDK Google Cloud Platform Dataflow SDK

[77] "JuliaOpt/JuMP.jl". GitHub. JuliaOpt. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

[78] "GitHub - MikeInnes/DataFlow.jl". GitHub. 2019-01-15.

[79] "GitHub - JuliaGizmos/Reactive.jl: Reactive programming primitives for Julia". GitHub. 2018-12-28.

[80] ttps://github.com/davidanthoff/Query.jl Query almost anything in julia

[81] ttps://github.com/lilinjn/LilKanren.jl A collection of Kanren implementations in Julia

[82] "GitHub - abeschneider/PEGParser.jl: PEG Parser for Julia". GitHub. 2018-12-03.

[83] "GitHub - gitfoxi/Parsimonious.jl: A PEG parser generator for Julia". GitHub. 2017-08-03.

[84] Lazy https://github.com/MikeInnes/Lazy.jl

[85] "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[86] "Write Constraints". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[87] "Getting Started with SimEvents". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[88] "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[89] "Execute MATLAB expression in text - MATLAB eval". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[90] "Determine class of object". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[91] "Class Metadata". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[92] "Object-Oriented Programming". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[93] "Simulink". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[94] terpreter based threads

[95] Moose

[96] Higher Order Perl

[97] PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions

[98] PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)

[99] PHP Manual, Anonymous functions

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Types of programming languages
Paradigm	Actor-based Array Aspect-oriented Class-based Concatenative Concurrent Dataflow Declarative Differentiable Domain-specific Dynamic Esoteric Event-driven Extensible Functional Imperative Logic Macro Metaprogramming Object-based Object-oriented Pipeline Procedural Prototype-based Reflective Rule-based Scripting Stack-oriented Synchronous Tactile Template
Level	Machine Assembly Compiled Interpreted Low-level High-level Very high-level
Generation	First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Related	Non-English-based Visual

Paradigm summaries

Language overview

See also

Notes

Citations

References