Gutian
Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話
Native toSouthern China, Malaysia
RegionGutian, Ningde, Fujian; Sibu, Sarawak; Sitiawan, Manjung, Perak
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Linguasphere79-AAA-ich

The Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province, China.

Phonology

The Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

  BilabialAlveolarLateralVelarGlottal
Stop Tenuis voiceless p t k ʔ
Aspirated voiceless pʰ tʰ kʰ
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative Voiceless s h
voiced β ʒ
Affricate Tenuis voiceless ts
Aspirated voiceless tsʰ
Approximant l

Rimes

a 嘉ɛ 西œ 初o 歌
i 之u 孤y 須
ai 開oi 催au 郊ɛu 抖
ia 遮ie 批iu 秋iau 燒
ua 花uo 過uai 歪ui 輝
uɔi 杯yø 橋
aɳ 山iɳ 賓uɳ 春yŋ 銀
iaŋ 聲ieŋ 天uaŋ 歡uoŋ 元
yøŋ 香eiŋ 燈ouŋ 郎øyŋ 東
ak 答ik 必uk 不yk 竹
iak 揭iek 哲uak 撥uok 拙
yøk 箬eik 八ouk 駁øyk 北
aʔ 拍œʔ 嗝oʔ 桌iaʔ 壁
uaʔ 劃uoʔ 剝yøʔ 藥

Tones

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level
陰平		 light level
陽平		 rising
上聲		 dark departing
陰去		 light departing
陽去		 dark entering
陰入		 light entering
陽入
Tone contour ˥ (55) ˧ (33) ˦˨ (42) ˨˩ (21) ˧˨˦ (324) ˨ (2) ˥ (5)

Initial assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /β/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/ and /s/ change to /l/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/ and /h/ change to null initial (without /ʔ/);
  • /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/ /s/ and /l/ change to /n/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/, /h/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/;
  • /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

dark level
55		 light level
33		 rising
42		 dark departing
21		 light departing
324		 dark entering
2		 light entering
5
dark level
55		 21+55 21+33 21+42 24+21 24+544 24+2 21+5
light level
33		 21+42 21+21 21+324 21+2
rising
42		 21+55 21+24 21+42 24+21 24+544 24+2 21+5
dark departing
21		 33+55 33+544 33+53 24+21 55+33 55+2 33+5
light departing
324		 55+55 544+33 544+42 42+21 544+21 42+2 55+5
dark entering
2		 33+55 33+55 33+53 55+21 55+33 55+2 55+5
light entering
5		 33+55 21+33 21+42 21+21 21+324 21+2 33+5

Notes

  1. ↑ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

References

  1. ↑ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  2. ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
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