Northern Yuan

This is a timeline of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

14th century

YearDateEvent
1368The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum[1]
1380Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum[1]
1381DecemberMing conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces take Qujing[2]
1382AprilMing conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces conquer Yunnan[3]
1387OctoberMing campaign against the Uriankhai: Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces[4]
1388MayBattle of Buir Lake: Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür[5]
NovemberJorightu Khan Yesüder defeats Uskhal Khan and became the Khagan of Forty-four tumun Mongols[6]
1399The Four Oirats break away from Mongol Khagan[7]

15th century

YearDateEvent
1408Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Mongols[7]
140923 SeptemberBattle of Kherlen: Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan[8]
141015 JuneFirst Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River[8]
JulyFirst Mongol Campaign: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing[8]
1414AprilSecond Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments[9]
1422AprilThird Mongol Campaign: Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing[9]
1423AugustFourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats[10]
1424AprilFifth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them[10]
1428OctoberUriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them[11]
1433The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols[7]
1449JulyTumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty[12]
4 AugustTumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi[13]
30 AugustTumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated[14]
1 SeptemberTumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi[15]
27 OctoberEsen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days[16]
1451Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers[7]
1454Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols[17]
1479Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[17]
1483Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi[17]

16th century

YearDateEvent
1504Datong is raided by Mongols[18]
1510Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop[19]
151716 OctoberDayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty[20]
20 OctoberThe Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party[21]
1531Datong comes under raid by Mongols[22]
1536Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled[23]
1537Mongols raid Datong[23]
1541OctoberAltan Khan raids Shaanxi[24]
1542JulyAltan Khan raids Shaanxi[24]
4 AugustMing forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu[24]
8 AugustAltan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan[24]
1548JuneMongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu[25]
OctoberMongols raid Huailai[25]
1549MarchAltan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties[25]
15501 OctoberAltan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing[25]
6 OctoberMing forces are defeated by Mongols[26]
1552AprilMing forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong[27]
1557Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan[28]
winterSengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong[29]
1566Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid[30]
1576Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan[31]
1577Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title[31]
1590The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations)[32]
1598Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief[33]

17th century

YearDateEvent
1619Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[34]
1625Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[35]
1634Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[36]
1636Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty[37]
1691The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate[38]
1696Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[38]

References

  1. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 209.
  2. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 144.
  3. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 557.
  4. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 158.
  5. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 159.
  6. ↑ Okada, Hidehiro (1994). "Dayan Khan as a Yüan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 81: 51–58. doi:10.3406/befeo.1994.2245. JSTOR 43731760.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Adle 2003, p. 210.
  8. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 226.
  9. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 227.
  10. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 228.
  11. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 299.
  12. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 322.
  13. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 323.
  14. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 324.
  15. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 325.
  16. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 328.
  17. 1 2 3 Adle 2003, p. 211.
  18. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 371.
  19. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 467.
  20. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 420.
  21. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 421.
  22. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 468.
  23. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 472.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1998, p. 473.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1998, p. 475.
  26. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 476.
  27. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 477.
  28. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 17.
  29. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 478.
  30. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 213.
  31. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 214.
  32. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 16.
  33. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 557.
  34. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  35. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  36. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  37. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 146.
  38. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 219.

Bibliography

  • Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5, UNESCO Publishing
  • Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishers Ltd
  • Mote, F. W. (2003), Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674012127
  • Narangoa, Li (2014), Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231160704
  • Twitchett, Denis (1998), The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press
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